Cancer Letters
Volume 286, Issue 1 , Pages 9-14 , 1 December 2009

Liver cancer: Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection

  • Shu-Chun Chuang

      Affiliations

    • Lifestyle, Environment and Cancer Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France
  • ,
  • Carlo La Vecchia

      Affiliations

    • Department of General Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
    • Institute of Biostatistics and Biometry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • ,
  • Paolo Boffetta

      Affiliations

    • Lifestyle, Environment and Cancer Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +33 472738554; fax: +33 472738320.

Received 17 April 2008 ,Accepted 29 October 2008.

References 

  1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2005;55:74–108
  2. J. Ferlay, F. Bray, P. Pisani, D.M. Parkin, Globocan 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 2.0, Lyon, IARC CancerBase No. 5, 2004.
  3. M.P. Curado, B. Edwards, H.R. Shin, H. Storm, J. Ferlay, M. Heanue, et al., Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, vol. IX (IARC Sci. Publ. No. 160), Lyon, IARC, 2007.
  4. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, SEER∗Stat Database: Incidence – SEER 17 Regs Limited-Use, Nov 2006 Sub (1973–2004 varying), released April 2007, Bethesda, MD, National Cancer Institute, www.seer.cancer.gov.
  5. Berrino F, De Angelis R, Sant M, Rosso S, Bielska-Lasota M, Coebergh JW, et al. Survival for eight major cancers and all cancers combined for European adults diagnosed in 1995–99: results of the EUROCARE-4 study. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:773–783
  6. El Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:S27–S34
  7. London WT, McGlynn KA. Liver cancer. In:  Schottenfeld D,  Fraumeni JF editor. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. third ed.. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2006;p. 763–786
  8. R. Anand, Aflatoxins, in: IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol. 82, in: Some Traditional Herbal Medicines Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002, pp. 171–300.
  9. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 1994;54:4855–4878
  10. Boffetta P, Hashibe M. Alcohol and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:149–156
  11. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, La Vecchia C. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev. Med. 2004;38:613–619
  12. Donato F, Gelatti U, Limina RM, Fattovich G. Southern Europe as an example of interaction between various environmental factors: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Oncogene. 2006;25:3756–3770
  13. Kuper H, Ye W, Broome U, Romelsjo A, Mucci LA, Ekbom A, et al. The risk of liver and bile duct cancer in patients with chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholism or cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2001;34:714–718
  14. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, Foods and Drinks. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective, AICR, Washington DC, 2007.
  15. Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:S87–S96
  16. Donato F, Tagger A, Gelatti U, Parrinello G, Boffetta P, Albertini A, et al. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002;155:323–331
  17. La Vecchia C. Alcohol and liver cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2007;16:495–497
  18. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Tobacco smoke, in: IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 83, in: Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, IARC, Lyon, 2004, pp. 1–1438.
  19. Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, Boniol M, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, et al. Tobacco smoking and cancer: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer. 2008;122:155–164
  20. Wang LY, You SL, Lu SN, Ho HC, Wu WH, Sun CA, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and habits of alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking: a cohort of 2416 HBsAg-seropositive and 9421 HBsAg-seronegative male residents in Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:241–250
  21. Mori M, Hara M, Wada I, Hara T, Yamamoto K, Honda M, et al. Prospective study of hepatitis B and C viral infections, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and other factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Japan. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000;151:131–139
  22. Franceschi S, Montella M, Polesel J, La Vecchia C, Crispo A, Dal Maso L, et al. Hepatitis viruses, alcohol, and tobacco in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:683–689
  23. La Vecchia C. Coffee, liver enzymes, cirrhosis and liver cancer. J. Hepatol. 2005;42:444–446
  24. Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, et al. Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann. Intern. Med. 2004;140:1–8
  25. Sauvaget C, Nagano J, Allen N, Kodama KV. Vegetable and fruit intake and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Stroke. 2003;34:2355–2360
  26. Kuper H, Tzonou A, Lagiou P, Mucci LA, Trichopoulos D, Stuver SO, et al. Diet and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case–control study in Greece. Nutr. Cancer. 2000;38:6–12
  27. Talamini R, Polesel J, Montella M, Dal Maso L L, Crispo A, Tommasi LG, et al. Food groups and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter case–control study in Italy. Int. J. Cancer. 2006;119:2916–2921
  28. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br. J. Cancer. 2007;97:1005–1008
  29. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, Franceschi S. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of primary liver cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 1997;73:204–207
  30. Petrides AS. Liver disease and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Rev. 1994;2:2–18
  31. Mason AL, Lau JY, Hoang N, Qian K, Alexander GJ, Xu L, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 1999;29:328–333
  32. Lai MS, Hsieh MS, Chiu YH, Chen TH. Type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: A cohort study in high prevalence area of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1295–1302
  33. Qian Y, Fan JG. Obesity, fatty liver and liver cancer. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2005;4:173–177
  34. Serag El, Rudolph HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2557–2576
  35. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives, in: IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 91, in: Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Menopausal Therapy, IARC, Lyon, 2008, pp. 41–202.
  36. Maheshwari S, Sarraj A, Kramer J, El Serag HB. Oral contraception and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2007;47:506–513
  37. Ko C, Siddaiah N, Berger J, Gish R, Brandhagen D, Sterling RK, et al. Prevalence of hepatic iron overload and association with hepatocellular cancer in end-stage liver disease: results from the National Hemochromatosis Transplant Registry. Liver Int. 2007;27:1394–1401
  38. Tung BY, Emond MJ, Bronner MP, Raaka SD, Cotler SJ, Kowdley KV, et al. Hepatitis C, iron status, and disease severity: relationship with HFE mutations. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:318–326
  39. Boige V, Castera L, de Roux N, Ganne-Carrie N, Ducot B, Pelletier G, et al. Lack of association between HFE gene mutations and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Gut. 2003;52:1178–1181
  40. Nahon P, Sutton A, Rufat P, Ziol M, Thabut G, Schischmanoff PO, et al. Liver iron, HFE gene mutations, and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:102–110
  41. Fracanzani AL, Fargion S, Stazi MA, Valenti L, Amoroso P, Cariani e, et al. Association between heterozygosity for HFE gene mutations and hepatitis viruses in hepatocellular carcinoma. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 2005;35:27–32
  42. Fargion S, Stazi MA, Fracanzani AL, Mattioli M, Sampietro M, Tavazzi D, et al. Mutations in the HFE gene and their interaction with exogenous risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 2001;27:505–511
  43. M. Bulterys, M.T. Goodman, M.A. Smith, JD. Buckley, Cancer Incidence and Survival Among Children and Adolescents (NIH Publication No. 99-4649), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 1999.
  44. Khan SA, Thomas HC, Davidson BR, Taylor-Robinson SD. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet. 2005;366:1303–1314
  45. Shaib YH, El Serag HB, Nooka AK, Thomas M, Brown TD, Patt YZ, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital-based case-control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1016–1021
  46. Ahrens W, Timmer A, Vyberg M, Fletcher T, Guenel P, Merler E, et al. Risk factors for extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma in men: medical conditions and lifestyle: results from a European multicentre case–control study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007;19:19623–19630
  47. Rademaker J, Widjaja A, Galanski M. Hepatic hemangiosarcoma: imaging findings and differential diagnosis. Eur. Radiol. 2000;10:129–133
  48. Falk H, Herbert J, Crowley S, Ishak KG, Thomas LB, Popper H, et al. Epidemiology of hepatic angiosarcoma in the United States 1964–1974. Environ. Health Perspect. 1981;41:107–113

PII: S0304-3835(08)00868-9

doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.040

Cancer Letters
Volume 286, Issue 1 , Pages 9-14 , 1 December 2009