Role of bone morphogenetic proteins in transitional cell carcinoma cells
Received 26 September 2005; received in revised form 8 October 2005; accepted 10 October 2005.
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are pleiotropic growth factors that signal through an interaction with the membrane receptors—type-IA, -IB, and -II (BMP-RIA, -RIB, and -RII, respectively). Although the prototypical members of this group of growth factors were isolated as osteoinductive factors, recently accumulated data have suggested that these factors regulate malignant cells. Herein, we review the data concerning BMPs in transitional cell carcinoma cells.