Etoposide (VP-16) elicits apoptosis following prolonged G₂-M cell arrest in p53-mutated human non-small cell lung cancer cells

Abstract 

In this work, we described the proliferation of human non-small-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC) cells H1437 harboring p53 alleles (proline-267) can be inhibited by low-dosage topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide (VP-16) in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity was demonstrated by prolonged cell arrest at G₂-M checkpoint exhibiting senescence-like phenotype followed by apoptotic cell death that appeared on the sixth day of VP-16 treatment. The experimental in vivo evidence of growth suppression was also demonstrated in xenograft tumors.

The appearance of senescence-like state during extended G₂-M phase arrest was indicated by slow proliferation and loss of growth sensitivity in culture accompanied with cellular morphological changes, time-dependent regulation of β-galactosidase staining as well as distinct reduction of telomerase activity upon protracted VP-16 exposure. Further molecular determinants leading to G₂-M cell arrest was also characterized by the concerted up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p16^INK4a and p21^Waf1/Cipi, beginning 2 days later following drug exposure at both translational and transcriptional levels, while human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) activities reduced progressively.

The clinically important therapeutic agent VP-16-mediated prolonged cell arrest at G₂-M phase prior to apoptotic death offered a different perspective in restraining human cancer cells at low drug dosage, thereby serving as an effective telomerase inhibitor as well as an apoptosis effector. The overall results demonstrated that apoptosis can be regulated differently in human NSCLC cells with disrupted p53. Further effort in elucidating G₂-M arrest before leading to apoptosis promises to provide an alternative insight in reversing tumorigenic phenotype of human cancers.

Keywords: Etoposide, VP-16, Human non-small-cell-lung-cancer cells, Apoptosis