Cancer Letters
Volume 194, Issue 2 , Pages 221-233 , 15 May 2003

Telomerase as tumor marker

  • Eiso Hiyama

      Affiliations

    • Department of General Medicine, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Hiroshima, Japan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +81-82-257-5216; fax: +81-82-257-5219
    • ,
  • Keiko Hiyama

      Affiliations

    • Department of Translational Cancer Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Hiroshima, Japan

Received 4 September 2002 ,Revised 30 October 2002 ,Accepted 30 October 2002.

References 

  1. Kim NW. Clinical implications of telomerase in cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 1997;33:781–786
  2. Shay JW, Gazdar AF. Telomerase in the early detection of cancer. J. Clin. Pathol. 1997;50:106–109
  3. Dhaene K, van Marck E, Parwaresch R. Telomeres, telomerase and cancer: an up-date. Virchows Arch. 2000;437:1–16
  4. Lingner J, Cooper JP, Cech TR. Telomerase and DNA end replication: no longer a lagging strand problem?. Science. 1995;269:1533–1534
  5. Shay JW, Bacchetti S. A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. 1997;33:787–791
  6. Hiyama E, Saeki T, Hiyama K, Takashima S, Shay JW, Matsuura Y, et al. Telomerase activity as a marker of breast cancer in fine needle aspirated samples. Cancer Cytopathol. 2000;90:235–238
  7. Hiyama E, Hiyama K. Clinical utility of telomerase in cancer. Oncogene. 2002;21:643–649
  8. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PLC, et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science. 1994;266:2011–2015
  9. Wright WE, Shay JW, Piatyszek MA. Modification of a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) result in increased reliability, linearity and sensitivity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995;23:3794–3795
  10. Hiyama E, Hiyama K, Tatsumoto N, Kodama T, Shay JW, Yokoyama T. Telomerase activity in human intestine. Int. J. Oncol. 1996;9:453–458
  11. Hiyama K, Hirai Y, Kyoizumi S, Akiyama M, Hiyama E, Piatyszek MA, et al. Activation of telomerase in human lymphocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. J. Immunol. 1995;155:3711–3715
  12. Wright WE, Piatyszek MA, Rainey WE, Byrd W, Shay JW. Telomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues and cells. Dev. Genet. 1996;18:173–179
  13. Hiyama E, Gollahan L, Kataoka T, Kuroi K, Yokoyama T, Gazdar AF, et al. Telomerase activity in human breast tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996;88:116–122
  14. Matthews P, Jones CJ, Skinner J, Haughton M, de Micco C, Wynford-Thomas D. Telomerase activity and telomere length in thyroid neoplasia: biological and clinical implications. J. Pathol. 2001;194:183–193
  15. Hou M, Xu D, Bjorkholm M, Gruber A. Real-time quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay for the detection of telomerase activity. Clin. Chem. 2001;47:519–524
  16. Iwao T, Hiyama E, Yokoyama T, Tsuchida A, Hiyama K, Murakami Y, et al. Telomerase activity for the preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1621–1623
  17. Feng J, Funk WD, Wang S-S, Weinrich SL, Avilion AA, Chiu C-P, et al. The RNA component of human telomerase. Science. 1995;269:1236–1241
  18. Nakamura TM, Morin GB, Chapman KB, Weinrich SL, Andrews WH, Lingner J, et al. Telomerase catalytic subunit homologs from fission yeast and human. Science. 1997;277:955–959
  19. Koyanagi Y, Kobayashi D, Yajima T, Asanuma K, Kimura T, Sato T, et al. Telomerase activity is down regulated via decreases in hTERT mRNA but not TEP1 mRNA or hTERC during the differentiation of leukemic cells. Anticancer Res. 2000;20:773–778
  20. Hiyama E, Kodama T, Sinbara K, Iwao T, Itoh M, Hiyama K, et al. Telomerase activity is detected in pancreatic cancer but not in benign tumors. Cancer Res. 1997;57:326–331
  21. Morales CP, Burdick JS, Saboorian MH, Wright WE, Shay JW. In situ hybridization for telomerase RNA in routine cytologic brushings for the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1998;48:402–405
  22. Suehara N, Mizumoto K, Tanaka M, Niiyama H, Yokohata K, Yominaga Y, et al. Telomerase activity in pancreatic juice differentiates ductal carcinoma from adenoma and pancreatitis. Clin. Cancer Res. 1997;3:2479–2483
  23. Inoue H, Tsuchida A, Kawasaki Y, Fujimoto Y, Yamasaki S, Kajiyama G. Preoperative diagnosis of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors of the pancreas with attention to telomerase activity. Cancer. 2001;91:35–41
  24. Uemura K, Hiyama E, Murakami Y, Kanehiro T, Ohge H, Sueda T, et al. Comparative analysis of K-ras point mutation, telomerase activity, and p53 overexpression in pancreatic tumours. Oncol. Rep. 2003;10:277–283
  25. Orlando C, Gelmini S, Selli C, Pazzagli M. Telomerase in urological malignancy. J. Urol. 2001;166:666–673
  26. Fukui T, Nonomura N, Tokizane T, Sato E, Ono Y, Harada Y, et al. Clinical evaluation of human telomerase catalytic subunit in bladder washings from patients with bladder cancer. Mol. Urol. 2001;5:19–23
  27. Ito H, Kyo S, Kanaya T, Takakura M, Koshida K, Namiki M, et al. Detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase messenger RNA in voided urine samples as a useful diagnostic tool for bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 1998;4:2807–2810
  28. Hiyama K, Ishioka S, Shay JW, Taooka Y, Maeda A, Isobe T, et al. Telomerase activity as a novel marker of lung cancer and immune-associated lung diseases. Int. J. Mol. Med. 1998;1:545–549
  29. Jarboe EA, Liaw KL, Thompson LC, Heinz DE, Baker PL, McGregor JA, et al. Analysis of telomerase as a diagnostic biomarker of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Oncogene. 2002;21:664–673
  30. Piatyszek MA, Kim NW, Weinrich SL, Hiyama K, Hiyama E, Wright WE, et al. Detection of telomerase activity in human cells and tumors by a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Methods Cell Sci. 1995;17:1–15
  31. Leris C, Kouriefs C, Williams N, Mokbel K. Assessment of nipple discharge. J. Surg. Oncol. 2000;75:72–73
  32. Mokbel K, Williams NJ, Leris AC, Kouriefs C. Telomerase activity in fine-needle aspirates of breast lesions. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:3856–3860
  33. Poremba C, Shroyer KR, Frost M, Diallo R, Fogt F, Schafer KL, et al. Telomerase is a highly sensitive and specific molecular marker in fine-needle aspirates in breast lesions. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:2020–2026
  34. Nakashio R, Kitamoto M, Tahara H, Nakanishi T, Ide T, Kajiyama G. Significance of telomerase activity in the diagnosis of small differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 1997;74:141–147
  35. Pearson AS, Chiao P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Larry L, Katz RL, et al. The detection of telomerase activity in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas by fine needle aspiration. Int. J. Oncol. 2000;17:381–385
  36. Taylor RS, Ramirez RD, Ogoshi M, Chaffins M, Piatyszek MA, Shay JW. Detection of telomerase activity in malignant and nonmalignant skin conditions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1996;106:759–765
  37. Wisman GB, Hollema H, de Jong S, ter Schegget J, Tjong-A-Hung SP, Ruiters MH, et al. Telomerase activity as a biomarker for (pre)neoplastic cervical disease in scrapings and frozen sections from patients with abnormal cervical smear. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998;16:2238–2245
  38. Zheng PS, Iwasaka T, Zhang ZM, Pater A, Sugimori H. Telomerase activity in Papanicolaou smear-negative exfoliated cervical cells and its association with lesions and oncogenic human papillomaviruses. Gynecol. Oncol. 2000;77:394–398
  39. Haugen BR, Nawaz S, Markham N, Hashizumi T, Shroyer AL, Werness B, et al. Telomerase activity in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Thyroid. 1997;7:337–342
  40. Saji M, Westra WH, Chen H, Umbricht CB, Tuttle RM, Box MF, et al. Telomerase activity in the differential diagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery. 1997;122:1137–1140
  41. Hiyama E, Yokoyama T, Tatsumoto N, Hiyama K, Imamura Y, Murakami Y, et al. Telomerase activity in gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 1995;55:3258–3262
  42. Chadeneau C, Hay K, Hirte HW, Gallinger S, Bacchetti S. Telomerase activity associated with acquisition of malignancy in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 1995;55:2533–2536
  43. Tahara H, Yasui W, Tahara E, Fujimoto J, Ito K, Tamai K, et al. Immuno-histochemical detection of human telomerase catalytic component, hTERT, in human colorectal tumor and non-tumor tissue sections. Oncogene. 1999;18:1561–1567
  44. Tatsumoto N, Hiyama E, Murakami Y, Imamura Y, Shay JW, Matsuura Y, et al. High telomerase activity is an independent prognostic indicator of poor outcome in colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000;6:2696–2701
  45. Marchetti A, Bertacca G, Buttitta F, Chella A, Quattrocolo G, Angeletti CA, et al. Telomerase activity as a prognostic indicator in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 1999;5:2077–2081
  46. Clark GM, Osborne CK, Levitt D, Wu F, Kim NW. Telomerase activity and survival of patients with node-positive breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1874–1881
  47. Hiyama E, Hiyama K, Yokoyama T, Matsuura Y, Piatyszek MA, Shay JW. Correlating telomerase activity levels with human neuroblastoma outcomes. Nat. Med. 1995;1:249–255
  48. Hiyama E, Hiyama K, Ohtsu K, Yamaoka H, Ichikawa T, Shay JW, et al. Telomerase activity in neuroblastoma: is it a prognostic indicator of clinical behavior?. Eur. J. Cancer. 1997;33:1932–1936
  49. Streutker CJ, Thorner P, Fabricius N, Weitzman S, Zielenska M. Telomerase activity as a prognostic factor in neuroblastomas. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2001;4:62–67
  50. Poremba C, Willenbring H, Hero B, Christiansen H, Schafer KL, Brinkschmidt C, et al. Telomerase activity distinguishes between neuroblastomas with good and poor prognosis. Ann. Oncol. 1999;10:715–721
  51. Ohyashiki K, Ohyashiki JH, Nishimaki J, Toyama K, Ebihara Y, Kato H, et al. Cytological detection of telomerase activity using an in situ telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2100–2103
  52. Chou SJ, Chen CM, Harn HJ, Chen CJ, Liu YC. In situ detection of hTERT mRNA relates to Ki-67 labeling index in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J. Surg. Res. 2001;99:75–83
  53. Kumaki F, Kawai T, Hiroi S, Shinomiya N, Ozeki Y, Ferrans VJ, et al. Telomerase activity and expression of human telomerase RNA component and human telomerase reverse transcriptase in lung carcinomas. Hum. Pathol. 2001;32:188–195
  54. Hiyama E, Hiyama K, Shay JW, Yokoyama T. Immunohistochemical detection of telomerase (hTERT) protein in human cancer tissues and a subset of cells in normal tissues. Neoplasia. 2001;3:17–26
  55. Kumaki F, Takeda K, Yu ZX, Moss J, Ferrans VJ. Expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002;166:187–191
  56. Dasi F, Lledo S, Garcia-Granero E, Ripoll R, Marugan M, Tormo M, et al. Real-time quantification in plasma of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA: a simple blood test to monitor disease in cancer patients. Lab. Invest. 2001;81:767–769
  57. Shin JH, Chung J, Kim HO, Kim YH, Hur YM, Rhim JH, et al. Detection of cancer cells in peripheral blood of stomach cancer patients using RT-PCR amplification of tumour-specific mRNAs. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 2002;16(Suppl 2):137–144
  58. Chen XQ, Bonnefoi H, Pelte MF, Lyautey J, Lederrey C, Movarekhi S, et al. Telomerase RNA as a detection marker in the serum of breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000;6:3823–3826
  59. Falchetti ML, Pallini R, Larocca LM, Verna R, D'Ambrosio E. Telomerase expression in intracranial tumours: prognostic potential for malignant gliomas and meningiomas. J. Clin. Pathol. 1999;52:234–236
  60. Huang F, Kanno H, Yamamoto I, Lin Y, Kubota Y. Correlation of clinical features and telomerase activity in human gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 1999;43:137–142
  61. Langford LA, Piatyszek MA, Xu R, Schold SC, Wright WE, Shay JW. Telomerase activity in ordinary meningiomas predicts poor outcome. Hum. Pathol. 1997;28:416–420
  62. Nakatani K, Yoshimi N, Mori H, Yoshimura S, Sakai H, Shinoda J, et al. The significant role of telomerase activity in human brain tumors. Cancer. 1997;80:471–476
  63. Umbricht CB, Saji M, Westra WH, Udelsman R, Zeiger MA, Sukumar S. Telomerase activity: a marker to distinguish follicular thyroid adenoma from carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2144–2147
  64. Lord RV, Salonga D, Danenberg KD, Peters JH, DeMeester TR, Park JM, et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase expression is increased early in the Barrett's metaplasia, dysplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2000;4:135–142
  65. Yao XX, Yin L, Sun ZC. The expression of hTERT mRNA and cellular immunity in gastric cancer and precancerosis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2002;8:586–590
  66. Suzuki K, Kashimura H, Ohkawa J, Itabashi M, Watanabe T, Sawahata T, et al. Expression of human telomerase catalytic subunit gene in cancerous and precancerous gastric conditions. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000;15:744–751
  67. Gunther T, Schneider-Stock R, Hackel C, Pross M, Schulz HU, Lippert H, et al. Telomerase activity and expression of hTRT and hTR in gastrointestinal stromal tumors in comparison with extragastrointestinal sarcomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000;6:1811–1818
  68. Lancelin F, Anidjar M, Villette JM, Soliman A, Teillac P, Le Duc A, et al. Telomerase activity as a potential marker in preneoplastic bladder lesions. BJU Int. 2000;85:526–531
  69. Takakura M, Kyo S, Kanaya T, Tanaka M, Inoue M. Expression of human telomerase subunits and correlation with telomerase activity in cervical cancer. Cancer Res. 1998;58:1558–1561
  70. Wisman GB, Knol AJ, Helder MN, Krans M, de Vries EG, Hollema H, et al. Telomerase in relation to clinicopathologic prognostic factors and survival in cervical cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2001;91:658–664
  71. Albanell J, Bosl GJ, Reuter VE, Engelhardt M, Franco S, Moore MA, et al. Telomerase activity in germ cell cancers and mature teratomas. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999;91:1321–1326
  72. Harada K, Kurisu K, Arita K, Sadatomo T, Tahara H, Tahara E, et al. Telomerase activity in central nervous system malignant lymphoma. Cancer. 1999;86:1050–1055
  73. Ogawa Y, Nishioka A, Hamada N, Terashima M, Inomata T, Yoshida S, et al. Changes in telomerase activity of advanced cancers of oral cavity and oropharynx during radiation therapy: correlation with clinical outcome. Int. J. Mol. Med. 1998;2:301–307
  74. Hirashima T, Komiya T, Nitta T, Takada Y, Kobayashi M, Masuda N, et al. Prognostic significance of telomeric repeat length alterations in pathological stage I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. 2000;20:2181–2187
  75. Gonzalez-Quevedo R, Iniesta P, Moran A, de Juan C, Sanchez-Pernaute A, Fernandez C, et al. Cooperative role of telomerase activity and p16 expression in the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20:254–262
  76. Taga S, Osaki T, Ohgami A, Imoto H, Yasumoto K. Prognostic impact of telomerase activity in non-small cell lung cancers. Ann. Surg. 1999;230:715–720
  77. Hara H, Yamashita K, Shinada J, Yoshimura H, Kameya T. Clinicopathologic significance of telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2001;34:219–226
  78. Komiya T, Kawase I, Nitta T, Yasumitsu T, Kikui M, Fukuoka M, et al. Prognostic significance of hTERT expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 2000;16:1173–1177
  79. Carey LA, Kim NW, Goodman S, Marks J, Henderson G, Umbricht CB, et al. Telomerase activity and prognosis in primary breast cancers. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:3075–3081
  80. Bieche I, Nogues C, Paradis V, Olivi M, Bedossa P, Lidereau R, et al. Quantitation of hTERT gene expression in sporadic breast tumors with a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Clin. Cancer Res. 2000;6:452–459
  81. Okayasu I, Osakabe T, Fujiwara M, Fukuda H, Kato M, Oshimura M. Significant correlation of telomerase activity in thyroid papillary carcinomas with cell differentiation, proliferation and extrathyroidal extension. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1997;88:965–970
  82. Usselmann B, Newbold M, Morris AG, Nwokolo CU. Telomerase activity and patient survival after surgery for gastric and oesophageal cancer. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2001;13:903–908
  83. Kakeji Y, Maehara Y, Koga T, Shibahara K, Kabashima A, Tokunaga E, et al. Gastric cancer with high telomerase activity shows rapid development and invasiveness. Oncol. Rep. 2001;8:107–110
  84. Okayasu I, Mitomi H, Yamashita K, Mikami T, Fujiwara M, Kato M, et al. Telomerase activity significantly correlates with cell differentiation, proliferation and lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 1998;124:444–449
  85. Yoshida R, Kiyozuka Y, Ichiyoshi H, Senzaki H, Takada H, Hioki K, et al. Change in telomerase activity during human colorectal carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:2167–2172
  86. Boldrini L, Faviana P, Gisfredi S, Zucconi Y, Di-Quirico D, Donati V, et al. Evaluation of telomerase mRNA (hTERT) in colon cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 2002;21:493–497
  87. Naito Y, Takagi T, Handa O, Ishikawa T, Matsumoto N, Yoshida N, et al. Telomerase activity and expression of telomerase RNA component and catalytic subunits in precancerous and cancerous colorectal lesions. Tumor Biol. 2001;22:374–382
  88. Niiyama H, Mizumoto K, Sato N, Nagai E, Mibu R, Fukui T, et al. Quantitative analysis of hTERT mRNA expression in colorectal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1895–1900
  89. Shoji Y, Yoshinaga K, Inoue A, Iwasaki A, Sugihara K. Quantification of telomerase activity in sporadic colorectal carcinoma: association with tumor growth and venous invasion. Cancer. 2000;88:1304–1309
  90. Shimada M, Hasegawa H, Gion T, Utsunomiya T, Shirabe K, Takenaka K, et al. The role of telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000;95:748–752
  91. Kishimoto K, Fujimoto J, Takeuchi M, Yamamoto H, Ueki T, Okamoto E. Telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent liver tissues. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;69:119–124
  92. Hisatomi H, Nagao K, Kanamaru T, Endo H, Tomimatsu M, Hikiji K. Levels of telomerase catalytic subunit mRNA as a predictor of potential malignancy. Int. J. Oncol. 1999;14:727–732
  93. Suda T, Isokawa O, Aoyagi Y, Nomoto M, Tsukada K, Shimizu T, et al. Quantitation of telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma: a possible aid for a prediction of recurrent diseases in the remnant liver. Hepatology. 1998;27:402–406
  94. Hara T, Noma T, Yamashiro Y, Naito K, Nakazawa A. Quantitative analysis of telomerase activity and telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in renal cell carcinoma. Urol. Res. 2001;29:1–6
  95. Paradis V, Bieche I, Dargere D, Bonvoust F, Ferlicot S, Olivi M, et al. hTERT expression in sporadic renal cell carcinomas. J. Pathol. 2001;195:209–217
  96. Nakanishi K, Kawai T, Hiroi S, Kumaki F, Torikata C, Aurues T, et al. Expression of telomerase mRNA component (hTR) in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Cancer. 1999;86:2109–2116
  97. DeKok JB, Schalken JA, Aalders TW, Ruers TJ, Willems HL, Swinkels DW. Quantitative measurement of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in urothelial cell carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer. 2000;87:217–220
  98. Engelhardt M, Albanell J, Drullinsky P, Han W, Guillem J, Scher HI, et al. Relative contribution of normal and neoplastic cells determines telomerase activity and telomere length in primary cancers of the prostate, colon, and sarcoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 1997;3:1849–1857
  99. Bonatz G, Frahm SO, Klapper W, Helfenstein A, Heidorn K, Jonat W, et al. High telomerase activity is associated with cell cycle deregulation and rapid progression in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. Hum. Pathol. 2001;32:605–614
  100. Sangiorgi L, Gobbi GA, Lucarelli E, Sartorio SM, Mordenti M, Ghedini I, et al. Presence of telomerase activity in different musculoskeletal tumor histotypes and correlation with aggressiveness. Int. J. Cancer. 2001;95:156–161
  101. Schneider-Stock R, Jaeger V, Rys J, Epplen JT, Roessner A. High telomerase activity and high HTRT mRNA expression differentiate pure myxoid and myxoid/round-cell liposarcomas. Int. J. Cancer. 2000;89:63–68
  102. Wurl P, Kappler M, Meye A, Bartel F, Kohler T, Lautenschlager C, et al. Co-expression of survivin and TERT and risk of tumour-related death in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. Lancet. 2002;359:943–945
  103. Shay JW, Werbin H, Wright WE. Telomeres and telomerase in human leukemias. Leukemia. 1996;10:1255–1261
  104. Xu D, Gruber A, Peterson C, Pisa P. Telomerase activity and the expression of telomerase components in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1998;102:1367–1375
  105. Ohyashiki JH, Ohyashiki K, Iwama H, Hayashi S, Toyama K, Shay JW. Clinical implications of telomerase activity levels in acute leukemia. Clin. Cancer Res. 1997;3:619–625
  106. Uchida N, Otsuka T, Arima F, Shigematsu H, Fukuyama T, Maeda M, et al. Correlation of telomerase activity with development and progression of adult T-cell leukemia. Leuk. Res. 1999;23:311–316
  107. Reynolds CP, Zuo JJ, Hong CM, Kim NW, Seeger RC. Telomerase RNA expression in neuroblastoma correlates with high stage and clinical outcome. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 1996;37:199
  108. Dome JS, Chung S, Bergemann T, Umbricht CB, Saji M, Carey LA, et al. High telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) messenger RNA level correlates with tumor recurrence in patients with favorable histology Wilms’ tumor. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4301–4307

PII: S0304-3835(02)00709-7

doi: 10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00709-7

Cancer Letters
Volume 194, Issue 2 , Pages 221-233 , 15 May 2003

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution